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(PDF) Unit 2: Lesson 2 Case Studies: Influenza and HIVvaccinemakers.org/sites/default/files/lessons/HS.activity 1...· Review Figures 2 and 3 (illustrating antigenic drift and shift) at - DOKUMEN.TIPS (1)

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Unit 2: Lesson 2 – Case Studies: Influenza and HIV

Activity 1: Influenza – Antigenic Drift Materials

• 4 highlighter pens colored red, green, blue and yellow • Tape or glue • Scissors • Paper clips • 2 sheets copier paper • Timer or stopwatch • 4 envelopes for each group

Instructions

• Work in pairs or small groups, ideally groups of four. If you have an odd number in your group, one or more of you will need to undertake more than one task.

• Ensure you have enough workspace to pass activity materials around to group members.

• Assign the following names to members of your group:

o Agent Infection o Transcriber One o Translator o Transcriber Two

Set Up

1. Cut the copier paper into strips 8.5 inches long and half an inch wide, to make at least 40 strips.

2. Use a spreadsheet to generate random numbers from 1 to 4.

3. From the spreadsheet, write down a sequence of 30 random numbers from 1 to 4.

4. Assign each number a letter so that 1 = A, 2 = U, 3 = C and 4 = G.

5. Write these 30 letters on one of the paper strips, and highlight the set of letters with the yellow highlighter.

6. Label the four envelopes: “Cell”, “Polymerase”, “Ribosome” and “Protein”

(PDF) Unit 2: Lesson 2 Case Studies: Influenza and HIVvaccinemakers.org/sites/default/files/lessons/HS.activity 1...· Review Figures 2 and 3 (illustrating antigenic drift and shift) at - DOKUMEN.TIPS (2)

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Procedure Refer to Figure 1 at the end of this activity packet to assist with the following procedural steps 1-7.

1. Agent Infection numbers the paper strip “1” and puts it into the “Cell” envelope.

2. Agent Infection passes the envelope to Transcriber One.

3. Transcriber One follows RNA base pairing rules to transcribe each letter on to a new paper strip and is allowed exactly 30 seconds to transcribe all 30 letters. (For example, the sequence AUCGGCUAA will have the complementary sequence UAGCCGAUU.) If the transcriber does not finish within 30 seconds he or she must finish as quickly as possible.

4. Transcriber One colors this strip red and puts the strip into the “Ribosome” envelope, passing it to the Translator.

5. The Translator takes the red strip from the “Ribosome” envelope. He or she uses the RNA codon table (genetic code) to determine the sequence of amino acids from the 10 codons (30 bases) in the bases on the red strip, writing the amino acid sequence on a strip of paper. He or she then colors this strip green and places it in the “Protein” envelope.

6. Meanwhile, Transcriber One repeats step 3, again being allowed 30 seconds to transcribe all 30 letters from the yellow strip. This time, the transcriber colors the strip blue and places it in the “Polymerase” envelope, passing it to Transcriber Two.

7. Transcriber Two takes the blue strip from the “Polymerase” envelope. He or she uses RNA base pairing rules to transcribe each letter on to a new paper strip, also being allowed exactly 30 seconds to transcribe all 30 letters. This paper strip is colored yellow and numbered “2” and then passed to Agent Infection.

8. Agent Infection places the #2 yellow strip into the “Cell” envelope, again passing it to Transcriber One so the cycle can continue.

9. After 10 cycles, stop and count the number of strips in the “Protein” envelope. There should be 10 strips.

10. As a group compare each of the 10 “Protein” strips with the others, noting any differences between the amino sequences on the strips.

11. Review Figures 2 and 3 (illustrating antigenic drift and shift) at the end of this activity packet.

(PDF) Unit 2: Lesson 2 Case Studies: Influenza and HIVvaccinemakers.org/sites/default/files/lessons/HS.activity 1...· Review Figures 2 and 3 (illustrating antigenic drift and shift) at - DOKUMEN.TIPS (3)

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12. Complete the activity questions either as a group or individually, as indicated by your teacher.

Activity 1 Questions Refer to Figures 1 to 3 in this activity packet to assist with answering the questions.

1. What does the yellow strip of paper represent?

2. What does step 1 of this activity represent? Include the term “virion” in your answer.

3. When you compared the 10 green paper strips in the “Protein” envelope at the end of the activity, did the 10 strips have identical amino acid sequences? Quantify and explain your observations.

4. Explain how this activity models antigenic variation.

5. Do your observations during the activity model antigenic drift? Explain your answer.

6. Describe how the activity could be modified to model antigenic shift, including the basis for your modification. (If time allows, complete your modified activity.)

(PDF) Unit 2: Lesson 2 Case Studies: Influenza and HIVvaccinemakers.org/sites/default/files/lessons/HS.activity 1...· Review Figures 2 and 3 (illustrating antigenic drift and shift) at - DOKUMEN.TIPS (4)

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Figure 1. Antigenic Drift Activity Reference Diagram Model of cycle of infection, transcription and translation used in this activity. (Figure shows only three codons.)

(PDF) Unit 2: Lesson 2 Case Studies: Influenza and HIVvaccinemakers.org/sites/default/files/lessons/HS.activity 1...· Review Figures 2 and 3 (illustrating antigenic drift and shift) at - DOKUMEN.TIPS (5)

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Figure 2. Antigenic Drift (Image source: NIAID)

(PDF) Unit 2: Lesson 2 Case Studies: Influenza and HIVvaccinemakers.org/sites/default/files/lessons/HS.activity 1...· Review Figures 2 and 3 (illustrating antigenic drift and shift) at - DOKUMEN.TIPS (6)

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Figure 3. Antigenic Shift (Image source: NIAID)


(PDF) Unit 2: Lesson 2 Case Studies: Influenza and HIVvaccinemakers.org/sites/default/files/lessons/HS.activity 1... · Review Figures 2 and 3 (illustrating antigenic drift and shift) at - DOKUMEN.TIPS (2024)

FAQs

What is influenza PDF? ›

Influenza is a respiratory illness usually caused by infection with one of two influenza viruses – influenza A or influenza B. Outbreaks of influenza (flu) typically occur every winter.

What are antigenic shift and antigenic drift quizlet? ›

Antigenic drift is the accumulation of small mutations which occurs slowly over time as a result of mistakes during replication - minor changes. Antigenic shift is a major change where whole segments of the genome are exchanged with a different flu virus in a process called genetic reassortment.

Which flu is worse, A or B? ›

Type A influenza is generally considered worse than type B influenza. This is because the symptoms are often more severe in type A influenza than in type B influenza. Type A influenza is more common than type B influenza. Researchers suggest that most adults have considerable immunity against type B influenza.

What is the significance of the letters and numbers in flu strains identified by the letters H and N? ›

Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). There are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes (H1 through H18 and N1 through N11, respectively).

Why is influenza called the flu? ›

Influenza comes from Italian, from the Medieval Latin word influentia meaning "influence." It was used to describe epidemics because of the belief that they were due to the influence of the stars. The term was shortened to flu in the first half of the 19th century.

What is influenza summary? ›

Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. The best way to prevent flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. Flu Symptoms.

What are the two types of influenza virus mutations are antigenic drift and antigenic shift? ›

Antigenic drift involves the accumulation of a series of minor genetic mutations. Antigenic shift involves “mixing” of genes from influenza viruses from different species.

Which type of cell produces antibodies? ›

B-cells protect you from infection by making proteins called antibodies. B-cells are a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes. When your immune system detects antigens — markers that indicate a threat like a bacteria or virus has entered your body — your B-cells produce antibodies to fight the invader.

What is an example of a virus that undergoes antigenic shift? ›

Almost unique to the influenza virus is its ability to undergo antigenic shift. The influenza virus genome exists as eight separate single-stranded RNA segments, each of which encodes a single viral protein.

Is flu A or flu B worse in 2024? ›

Influenza A vs B: Treatment

The chance of complications and hospitalization is higher with influenza A, but is possible with both types of flu. People who are at a high risk of complications should ask a physician about flu treatment using antiviral medications at the first sign of flu-like illness.

Which flu is worse for kids? ›

Because influenza A can spread from animals to humans, it can cause pandemics. Influenza B is also very contagious, but only spreads between humans. Influenza B can be more common and more severe than influenza A in children. In the population as a whole, influenza A tends to be milder.

Which flu is most common right now? ›

Influenza A is the most common strain and usually causes seasonal flu outbreaks. Influenza B can also cause flu outbreaks, but it mutates more slowly.

What are flu symptoms in 2024? ›

People who are sick with flu often feel some or all of these symptoms:
  • Fever*/feeling feverish or chills.
  • Cough.
  • Sore throat.
  • Runny or stuffy nose.
  • Muscle or body aches.
  • Headaches.
  • Fatigue (tiredness)
  • Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults.

When are you no longer contagious with the flu? ›

Most healthy children and adults with the flu can infect others beginning about one day before developing any symptoms and up to seven days after the symptoms resolve. People with weakened immune systems can remain contagious for up to several weeks.

How serious is type A flu? ›

Influenza A infection is more serious than the common cold. It can cause major outbreaks and severe disease. The virus that causes COVID-19 is different from the virus that causes influenza. Influenza A infections are most common in winter.

What is the definition of influenza? ›

Overview. Flu, also called influenza, is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. The flu is caused by a virus. Influenza is commonly called the flu, but it's different from the stomach "flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting.

What is influenza virus and its causes? ›

The flu is caused by an influenza virus. Most people get the flu when they breathe in tiny airborne droplets from the coughs or sneezes of someone who has the flu. You can also catch the flu if you touch something with the virus on it, and then touch your mouth, nose, or eyes.

Is influenza A human virus? ›

There are two subtypes of influenza A viruses that are currently circulating among humans during the annual influenza epidemics (A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09) and two influenza B lineages (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata); B/Yamagata-lineage viruses however have not been detected since 2020.

How is influenza transmitted? ›

People with flu can spread it to others. Most experts think that flu viruses spread mainly by droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze, or talk. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.

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